Exploring the Retro NES Era: A Comprehensive Analysis
Intro
The Retro Nintendo Entertainment System is a cornerstone of gaming history, shaping the landscape with its innovative gameplay, memorable titles, and a community that remains passionately invested even decades later. As we dive into this era, it becomes clear that the NES was more than just a console; it was a cultural phenomenon that defined an entire generation of gamers. The console’s launch in the mid-1980s heralded a new chapter for home entertainment, setting the standard for what was possible in video games.
With the blend of unique game mechanics, creative storytelling, and groundbreaking graphics at the time, the NES captured the imaginations of players worldwide. Titles like Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, and Metroid not only marked the beginning of beloved franchises but also laid the groundwork for gameplay styles that continue to influence modern titles.
In this exploration, we will dissect the various elements that contribute to the NES's legacy, from its hardware specifications to the iconic games forged during its lifetime. We will examine player experiences and how these experiences ignited a resurgence of interest within today’s gaming community. So, buckle up as we journey through a nostalgic landscape marked by pixelated dreams and heroic quests.
Historical Context of the NES
To understand the monumental place of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in the annals of gaming history, it is essential to delve into the historical context that birthed this iconic console. The NES did not just emerge from thin air; it was the result of a series of historical, technological, and economic developments in the early 80s that would shape not only its design but the entire video game industry.
The Birth of Console Gaming
In the mid-1970s, the video game landscape was a mere canvas, sparsely populated with rudimentary arcade machines and early home console systems. Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console released in 1972, marked the humble beginnings of home gaming. However, it wasn’t until the arcade boom of the late 70s and early 80s, sparked by games like Pong, that the potential of video games began to capture the public's imagination.
During this time, the emergence of personal computers also started to transform the gaming scene. These machines, often the pride and joy of tech enthusiasts, offered a glimpse into the future potential of interactive entertainment. Nevertheless, the home console market faced a significant hiccup—what many refer to as the Video Game Crash of 1983. A flooded market, overflowing with low-quality games, left consumers skeptical and retailers reeling.
The NES arrived in America in 1985 as a breath of fresh air. Blending arcade quality graphics with engaging gameplay, it breathed new life into a faltering industry. It also introduced concepts like cartridges and interchangeable game titles, reshaping how games could be consumed in the home.
Nintendo's Market Strategy
Nintendo’s strategy during the NES era was a calculated mix of innovation and nostalgia. After the crash, the company understood that consumer trust was shattered. Consequently, they aimed to sell the NES by positioning it not just as a gaming console, but as a family entertainment system. This broader branding tackled the stigma left post-crash and positioned the NES as a household necessity rather than just another gadget.
Key elements of Nintendo's strategy included:
- Licensing Agreements: Nintendo implemented a rigid licensing structure that ensured quality control over the games released for the NES. By only allowing select third-party developers to create games, they maintained consistent quality and elicited stronger player confidence.
- The Robotic Operating Buddy (R.O.B.): This accessory was integral in marketing the NES, showing off innovative technology and making the console seem more cutting-edge, thus signaling a new dawn in gaming.
- Strategic Game Releases: The release of blockbuster titles like Super Mario Bros., along with hyped promotional campaigns, drove demand sky-high, dramatically increasing console sales.
By focusing on quality and sustainable market practices, Nintendo not only resurrected a floundering industry but laid down the foundation for the future of video gaming.
"The NES didn’t just launch a new console; it birthed an entire culture, sparking a passion for gaming that transcended generations."
As we move forward in this exploration, it becomes clear that the NES’s historical context is not merely a backdrop but a vital piece of the puzzle that helps us understand its cultural impact and significance in gaming history.
Technical Specifications of the NES
The Nintendo Entertainment System, known commonly as the NES, emerged as a revolutionary force in the gaming industry. Understanding the technical specifications of the NES is crucial as it underpins not only the system's performance but also its broader impact on gaming culture. The NES played a significant role in defining gameplay experiences through its hardware, graphics, and audio capabilities. This section will shed light on these aspects to appreciate the pioneering technology that laid the groundwork for future consoles.
Hardware Overview
The NES boasted a hardware configuration that while simple by modern standards, was groundbreaking for its time. At its core, the NES utilized a custom 8-bit microprocessor. This processor was capable of handling a variety of tasks, making it a versatile choice for game developers.
- CPU: The NES was powered by the Ricoh 2A03 chip, a custom 8-bit microprocessor. It ran at a speed of approximately 1.79 MHz, which sounds quaint today but was sufficient for delivering a smooth gaming experience back in the mid-80s.
- Memory: With 2 KB of RAM, the system had enough memory to support a range of games, although game developers had to be clever with optimization. It also supported external memory through ROM cartridges, which allowed for greater game complexity.
- Graphics Processing: The Picture Processing Unit (PPU) contributed to the visuals, allowing for a palette of 54 colors and supporting up to 25 sprites on-screen at a time. This enabled games to present vibrant worlds that players could immerse themselves in.
- Inputs and Outputs: The console featured a simple but effective controller that introduced the now-iconic D-pad, which revolutionized how players interacted with games. Furthermore, it had an expansion port for accessories like the light gun and the power pad, showcasing Nintendo's vision of a versatile gaming ecosystem.
The NES literally became the cornerstone of console gaming, pushing technological boundaries that would influence future systems immensely. Many gamers today still appreciate the nostalgia that comes from experiencing these humble yet sophisticated specifications.
Graphics and Audio Capabilities
Graphics and audio are the lifeblood of any gaming experience, and the NES certainly didn't skimp in these areas, even with its limited technical specifications.
Graphics
The NES's graphics capabilities were a revelation during its heyday. Although primitive compared to today’s high-definition visuals, the NES graphics created memorable avatars and world environments that resonated with players.
- The capability to display 8 colors per sprite and 4 background colors opened the door to creative game design. Iconic designs like Mario and Link emerged from this color palette, cementing their places in gaming lore.
- Nintendo's innovative use of tile-based scrolling allowed expansive environments to exist without overwhelming the system's memory.
Audio
On the audio front, the NES is often remembered for its distinct chiptune sound that practically defined the era. The sound capabilities were derived from a 5-channel audio processing chip.
- The audio could produce melodies and sound effects using pulse waves, triangle waves, and noise channels. This gave games an engaging and memorable soundtrack, something that players until today often hum.
- Soundtracks from games like Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda remain iconic, demonstrating the power of well-crafted audio.
In summary, the graphics and audio capabilities of the NES were not merely technical features; they were vital to creating immersive gaming experiences that players instinctively responded to. The NES's technical specifications worked harmoniously to create an enjoyable platform that, despite its limitations, delivered unmatched gameplay and storytelling, setting the stage for generations of games to follow.
"The NES hardware was not just a set of specs; it was a launching pad for creativity in gaming."
In exploring these technical aspects, one can appreciate how even basic technology can lead to innovative experiences that resonate through the decades, influencing everything from game design to sound synthesis.
For more detailed discussions on NES specifications and the gaming technology of the era, interested readers can explore resources such as Wikipedia and Britannica.
Iconic Games: A Closer Look
The success of the NES doesn’t solely hinge on its innovative technology or marketing strategies; rather, it lies heavily on the groundbreaking games that set the gold standard for future titles. This section delves into these iconic games, focusing on how they influenced gameplay mechanics, storytelling, and the broader gaming culture.
Super Mario Bros. Analysis
Super Mario Bros., released in 1985, is not just a game; it's a symbol of the rebirth of the gaming industry. It introduced a new era of platforming games and transformed the genre with its meticulous level design and character responsiveness.
The game is notable for its engaging mechanics, allowing players to jump, run, and even gain power-ups, which fundamentally reshaped how interactivity in gaming was perceived. Players experience an exhilarating sense of exploration as they maneuver through an array of imaginative environments, each filled with unique challenges.
A significant point to reflect on is how the engaging narrative is woven into gameplay. Mario's quest to rescue Princess Peach is simple yet compelling, drawing players into a world that feels alive. It laid the groundwork for future narratives, where character motivation is essential to player engagement.
Moreover, Super Mario Bros. set a precedent for cooperative play, with the option for a second player to jump in at any time. This feature fosters collaborative competition, creating memorable gaming moments. The game's cultural impact is profound; it’s estimated that it sold over 40 million copies worldwide, becoming a household name.
The Legend of Zelda: Game Design Insights
When The Legend of Zelda hit the shelves in 1986, it brought with it a paradigm shift in video game design. The game introduced an expansive open world, a concept that allowed players to explore rather than just progress linearly through levels. Players were granted the freedom to tackle challenges in a variety of ways, enhancing replayability and engagement.
The inclusion of puzzles and real-time combat further differentiated it from its predecessors. The gameplay mechanics encouraged critical thinking, stimulating players’ creativity. No longer were players just passively consuming content; they were now actively engaged in a rich, interactive narrative.
Importantly, the game also developed a clever save system, allowing players to return to their adventures without losing progress—something that had been a challenge in earlier titles. This approach connected players more deeply to their journeys, allowing for deeper emotional investment. The rich lore and intricate world-building also expanded the narrative depth, captivating gamers and establishing a legacy still celebrated today.
"A game is best experienced as an adventure of discovery—where every corner turned offers a new surprise."
Metroid: Innovations in Gameplay
Metroid, released in 1986, took a different angle from typical platformers and action-adventure games of its time. The game uniquely blended exploration and combat, coining the term "Metroidvania" to describe its non-linear gameplay and interwoven environments. Samus Aran, the protagonist, elevated the narrative by introducing a female character with depth and complexity, breaking gaming norms.
The power-up mechanic found in Metroid is a revelation, enabling players to enhance their abilities as they progress. This creates a satisfying loop where exploration feeds into character growth, immersing players in a cycle of discovery and accomplishment. Each upgrade opens new areas to explore, embodying the essence of empowering player choice.
Moreover, Metroid explores themes of isolation and identity. The game's atmospheric storytelling, juxtaposed with the haunting soundtrack, encourages player immersion. The reveal of Samus's identity at the end challenged players’ perceptions, marking an early step toward more nuanced character development in video games.
Cultural Impact of the NES
The NES was not just a gaming console; it was a phenomenon that shaped a generation. Its influence rippled through gaming culture, affecting everything from game development to how gamers connect with each other. This section will unpack these layers, illustrating why the NES isn't simply a nostalgic relic but a cornerstone of modern gaming.
Influence on Game Development
When the NES hit the market, it revolutionized how games were designed. Before its arrival, the gaming industry was struggling with identity, and development was often an afterthought in many arcade titles. However, the NES brought with it a focus on narrative, character development, and immersive worlds. Developers began to realize that storytelling could elevate gameplay beyond mere mechanics.
Consider the game The Legend of Zelda, which introduced a sprawling open world filled with secrets and puzzles. This shift towards world-building inspired countless developers and set a high bar for future titles. By exploring this blend of narrative and interaction, the NES changed the conversation around what games could achieve.
Additionally, the NES established frameworks and design principles that are still in use today. Mechanics such as power-ups, health bars, and in-game currency became standard fare in a range of genres. Many modern games owe their structure to the innovations fostered during the NES era.
"The NES was the seed from which modern game design grew, shifting paradigms and redefining what it meant to play in a digital format."
Moreover, it impacted indie development too. Inspired by the classic titles, smaller studios and developers began crafting their own works, often referencing the aesthetics and mechanics established by the NES. This cycle of influence continues, showcasing how the NES's legacy persists in game development.
The NES in Popular Media
Beyond the boundaries of gaming, the NES seeped into popular media, capturing the imaginations of artists, writers, and filmmakers. Its recognizable aesthetic has been used as a nostalgic shorthand to evoke the feelings of childhood and simplicity—much like how certain melodies can trigger memories.
In films and television, references to NES games are scattered throughout. In Stranger Things, the show’s characters bond over Super Mario Bros., revealing how deeply entrenched NES lore is in American pop culture. Such moments don’t just appeal to nostalgia but also introduce younger audiences to the gaming history that shaped today’s entertainment landscape.
Additionally, media outlets have recognized the value of discussing the NES's impact. Documentaries like The NES: A Legend Reborn explore the resurgence of interest in retro gaming and the nostalgia factor that brings new fans into the fold.
This trend reflects a broader cultural phenomenon where retro gaming, particularly centered around the NES, encourages a community focused on celebration rather than mere consumption. The NES holds a spot in various discussion forums, articles, and even conventions, keeping its spirit alive in the contemporary lexicon.
In summary, the NES's cultural impact extends well beyond its initial launch. From sparking innovation in game mechanics to embedding itself within the very fabric of pop culture, its influence will likely continue to resonate for years to come.
Relevant resources for further reading can be found at Wikipedia, Britannica, and on various gaming communities like Reddit.
The NES: A Gateway to Modern Gaming
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) stands as a monumental figure in the video game landscape, acting as a crucial bridge between the trials of early gaming and the polished experiences that define modern consoles today. Its influence permeates various aspects of the gaming industry, from design philosophies to user experience, ultimately ushering in a new era of gaming that continues to resonate.
How the NES Shaped Future Consoles
The NES was not just a reaction to a market in distress; it was a catalyst for change. One of its most striking contributions was the introduction of a more structured approach to game development. Before the NES, games could be a tad chaotic, lacking a uniform guideline. The NES imposed certain standards, which meant developers had to hone their craft. This led to the refinement of game design, encouraging innovation driven by player feedback.
Take, for example, the incorporation of battery-backed save features seen in games like The Legend of Zelda. This was groundbreaking at the time, facilitating longer gameplay without the frustration of losing progress after a single session. Such decisions directly influenced future consoles, which adopted similar measures to improve user experience.
In addition, the NES's controller design laid groundwork for ergonomic considerations that are now standard across the board. The simplicity and functionality of the NES controller paved the way for subsequent designs, emphasizing intuitive layouts and comfort during lengthy gaming sessions. The necessity to create controllers that fostered player engagement was a critical evolution that shaped everything to follow.
Legacy Titles that Endure
While the NES introduced solid gameplay mechanics, its true magic may lie in the rich library of iconic titles that have stood the test of time. These games are not mere relics; they remain cornerstones of gaming culture, influencing new generations of developers and players alike. Titles such as Super Mario Bros., Metroid, and The Legend of Zelda have transcended their origins to become cultural icons.
- Super Mario Bros.: This platformer didn't just elevate the genre; it redefined it. The concepts of side-scrolling levels, power-ups, and hidden secrets became standard elements in platform gaming.
- Metroid: Its blend of exploration and combat would influence countless games that followed, leading to the creation of an entire sub-genre known as 'Metroidvania'.
- The Legend of Zelda: By introducing an open-world experience with dungeon exploration and puzzle-solving, it established foundational gameplay principles that are heavily utilized in contemporary gaming.
In many ways, these titles set a blueprint for future games, demonstrating that narrative depth and gameplay innovation could intertwine.
The NES’s legacy is evident in how it continues to inspire developers. Modern titles still borrow concepts, from multi-layered stories to imaginative worlds, proving that the spirit of the NES lives on. Fast forward to today, and you’ll find many contemporary games that echo the groundbreaking designs initiated during the NES era, illustrating how this gaming giant remains a vital link to what gaming is today.
In summary, the NES undoubtedly cultivates the landscape of video gaming, not just by delivering entertainment but by shaping the very fabric of game development and design principles we hold dear now. It provided a rich foundation that continues to guide modern gaming innovation.
Player Communities and Fan Culture
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) did not just contribute to gaming through its hardware and software; it also played a decisive role in shaping player communities and fan cultures. This aspect is vital because it highlights how social interactions among players have evolved and how their shared experiences foster a thriving environment. The bonding over NES games marked not just a pastime, but a gathering of enthusiasts forming a community rich in creativity, competition, and collaboration.
Fan Forums and Online Discussions
Fan forums and online discussions have become platforms where players can share their thoughts and experiences around NES games. With websites like Reddit and dedicated fan forums, players from different backgrounds interact, using these spaces to discuss strategies, share nostalgic memories, or critique game designs. The conversations range from light banter about the best power-ups in Super Mario Bros. to deep dives into the underlying mechanics and design philosophies of Metroid.
The NES community is a living testament to how shared love for a bygone era can bridge gaps across generations.
Moreover, fan forums have become a breeding ground for creativity, where fans showcase their own artwork, music remixes, or fan fiction based on NES franchises. Such contributions deepen the connection with the games and enrich the broader culture surrounding the NES, enabling its legacy to continue evolving.
The online nature of these discussions also democratizes gaming culture, allowing voices that otherwise might be unheard to gain traction. Players can explore topics ranging from game debugging to specific strategies for speedrunning, sharing insights that improve the community's overall knowledge base.
Speedrunning and Competitive Play
Speedrunning is another cornerstone of NES player culture, drawing in both casual enthusiasts and highly competitive players. This phenomenon involves finishing games as quickly as possible, often using unconventional strategies or glitches to shave seconds off record times. NES speedrunning is its own subculture, with events like Games Done Quick showcasing intense competition and an enthusiastic audience. These events celebrate the dexterity and strategy of players tackling beloved titles like The Legend of Zelda, often raising funds for charity in the process.
Both the competitive aspect and the camaraderie among speedrunners blur the line between competition and community. It’s not solely about beating records; it’s equally about sharing techniques, learning from one another, and pushing the boundaries of what’s possible within a game. Tournaments bring a palpable excitement, bringing fans together to cheer for their favorites and witness masterful plays that seem almost supernatural.
In their own right, NES tournaments spin a tapestry of stories woven from ambition, perseverance, and the sheer joy of gaming. Players develop tight-knit relationships, fueling not only the competitive spirit but also fostering lifelong friendships born from a shared passion for vintage gaming.
Revival of Retro Gaming
In recent years, there's been a noticeable shift in how people engage with video games from the past. The revival of retro gaming taps into a treasure trove of nostalgia, breathing new life into consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System. For gamers and developers alike, this renaissance carries significance beyond mere entertainment. It's a reconnection to simpler times and a celebration of the history that paved the way for modern gaming. This section explores the key elements surrounding the NES's revival and the benefits that come with it.
The NES Classic Edition: A Resurgence
The NES Classic Edition, released in 2016, marked a bold step into nostalgia economy. This miniaturized version of the original console came pre-loaded with 30 classic games, including Super Mario Bros., Metroid, and The Legend of Zelda. It rekindled excitement for retro gaming, not just for those who grew up with these titles but also for a new generation of players. Why does this matter?
- Accessibility: The NES Classic Edition made retro games easily accessible again, without the hassle of hunting down old cartridges or dealing with compatibility issues.
- Quality Assurance: Since these games were lovingly curated, players were guaranteed a seamless experience.
- Cultural Reload: Bringing back the NES created an opportunity for conversations around historical context. Gamers started to reflect on how these titles influenced modern gaming.
The release triggered a fresh wave of interest in retro aesthetics and gameplay styles, reminding everyone why pixel art and 8-bit sounds hold such charm. It appealed to collectors, casual gamers, and even those who had never experienced an NES.
Emulators and Homebrew Development
Emulators have become increasingly popular as technology improves, allowing players to experience classic games on modern hardware. Software like FCEUX and Nestopia enables gamers to play NES titles on PCs, smartphones, and other platforms. The barriers to entry have all but disappeared. However, it's not only about replaying classics:
- Enhanced Features: Emulators often come with features like save states and graphic filters. This allows players to enjoy titles with quality-of-life improvements, elevating the overall experience.
- Exploration of Possibilities: The homebrew scene flourished alongside emulation. Talented developers began creating new games for the NES that didn't exist in the '80s or '90s. Titles like Bunny Must Die! illustrate the creativity blossoming from this revival.
- Community and Collaboration: Emulation supports a communal atmosphere, enabling nostalgic gamers to share experiences on platforms such as Reddit or forums dedicated to retro gaming.
The NES isn’t just a console; it’s a phenomenon, a cultural artifact that continues to evolve and capture the hearts of strategic developers and passionate players alike.
The revival of NES gaming entails more than just tapping the shoulder of nostalgia; it's about the shared history that unites generations through gameplay. As the lines between old and new continue to blur, we can only wonder how this resurgence will shape the next chapters of gaming history.
Economic Influence of the NES
The Nintendo Entertainment System didn’t just change the gaming landscape; it became a cornerstone of a booming industry that shaped how video games are produced, marketed, and consumed today. The NES's influence on the economy of video games is profound and intertwined with the development of gaming as a cultural phenomenon. When the NES made its debut in the mid-1980s, it wasn’t just about the games themselves; it was a catalyst that rejuvenated a faltering market that had suffered a significant collapse in the U.S. a few years prior.
Impact on the Video Game Industry
The NES’s arrival was akin to a breath of fresh air in a stale marketplace. Before its launch, video gaming was seen as a risk-laden endeavor. By establishing stringent quality control measures combined with a solid library of titles, Nintendo shifted perceptions dramatically. Publishing titles for the NES meant adhering to Nintendo's guidelines, ensuring products were polished and engaging. This philosophy not only rebuilt consumer trust but also crafted a system where developers needed to focus on #quality over quantity.
- Market revival: The NES led the revival of the video game market, bringing comfort to consumers wary of poor-quality games. With hit titles like Super Mario Bros., Nintendo showed that gaming could be entertaining and reliable.
- Developer partnerships: This new approach encouraged third-party developers to craft experiences carefully tailored for the NES. Companies like Capcom, Konami, and Square developed a loyalty that laid the groundwork for franchises that still resonate today.
- Distributors and retailers: The NES created a new business model for console sales, prompting retailers to dedicate sections of their stores specifically for video games, thus legitimizing gaming in the mainstream retail environment.
"The NES set the standard for what consumers expected from their gaming consoles, paving the way for modern gaming as we know it."
Merchandising and Cross-Promotion
With the NES’s striking success, it didn’t take long for Nintendo to realize the potential behind merchandising and cross-promotion. The partnership between gaming content and other forms of media transformed the landscape of entertainment.
- Licensing deals: The iconic characters from NES games, like Mario and Link, became more than game avatars; they turned into brand ambassadors. Licensed products ranging from lunch boxes to action figures flooded the market, enhancing brand recognition.
- Television and movies: The NES also led to some ambitious crossover projects, such as animated series and films, cementing Nintendo's characters in the hearts of children and adults alike. This strategy not only drew more fans into gaming, but it transcended into broader pop culture.
- Attractions and events: Alongside merchandise, Nintendo explored the theme park idea and gaming tournaments, creating an experience rather than a product. The popularity of events like E3 showed how integral gaming was to social interaction, happening beyond home consoles.
The NES didn't merely establish itself as a device; it changed the economic fabric of the video game world, interlinking games with diverse aspects of popular culture and commerce that are still relevant today. Its legacy serves as a template for current and future generations of gaming, standing tall among the giants of the industry.
Epilogue: The Enduring Legacy of the NES
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) stands as more than just a gaming console; it is a cornerstone in the foundation of modern video gaming. As we reflect on the NES's journey, its significant influence on game design, player engagement, and the entire industry becomes abundantly clear. The NES shaped not only what games were but how players would experience them in the years to come.
Reflections on the NES's Impact
Looking back, the NES was pivotal in transforming a dwindling market into a thriving one. This system introduced a generation to adventures in pixelated worlds, paving the way for characters that are now ingrained in the cultural fabric.
- Game Design Innovations: Titles like Super Mario Bros. redefined platform gaming, marrying engaging mechanics with captivating storytelling. This formula set a bar that many sought to reach.
- Cultural Relevance: The NES permeated popular culture, with characters and themes appearing in countless other media. It's not just about gaming; it's about how the NES has become a part of the storytelling landscape.
- Community Formation: With the rise of the NES came a surge in player communities. Forums sprouted up as fans exchanged tips and shared their high scores. This communal spirit is something modern gamers still savor and cherish today.
This impact goes beyond nostalgia; it is a reflection of how the NES united players from different backgrounds, creating a vibrant gaming culture that continues to evolve.
Looking Ahead: The Future of Retro Gaming
The resurgence of interest in retro gaming presents unique opportunities and challenges. As technology marches forward, a delicate balance between nostalgia and innovation must be maintained. Retro gaming isn't just a phase; it exemplifies an enduring appreciation for the roots of the medium.
- Emulators and New Platforms: Many gamers find themselves drawn to emulators that allow them to experience classic titles on modern devices. This accessibility ensures that beloved games remain within reach for new players and experienced enthusiasts alike.
- Remakes and Remasters: The gaming industry has begun to lean on classic titles, offering modern graphics and updated mechanics, breathing new life into franchises. While this may attract a new audience, it also begs the question of how to respect the original while innovating for the future.
- Continued Community Engagement: As the community for retro gaming grows, platforms like Reddit and Facebook allow fans to connect, share insights, and foster enthusiasm for these classics. The dialogue continues to shape how retro gaming is perceived.
